Sauri, Kenya
Dertu, Kenya
Koraro, Ethiopia
Pampaida, Nigeria
Ikaram, Nigeria
Bonsaaso, Ghana
Mayange, Rwanda
Mwandama, Malawi
Potou, Senegal
Tiby, Mali
Toya, Mali
Mbola, Tanzania
Ruhiira, Uganda
Ruhiira, Uganda
Ruhiira Cluster: 8 Millennium Villages | Approximate population: 40,000
Overview - Millennium Villages Highlights - Village Characteristics
OVERVIEW
The Millennium Villages in the Ruhiira cluster are spread over several hundred square kilometers with extremely poor or non-existent roads, making travel between the villages and commercial centers, such as Mbarara, very difficult. As a result, connecting villagers to schools, clinics, markets, electricity, communications, and local government is a significant challenge.
The Ruhiira cluster is situated in the Isingiro District of southwestern Uganda. The region is characterized as a highland region with elevations ranging between 1350m and 1850m above sea level. The hillsides drain into the valley bottoms creating a stream system. Ruhiira has a sub-humid climate with two rainy seasons. The first rainy season of each annual cycle begins in March and ends in May, while the second rains begin in August and end in December but sometimes stretch into following year. June, July and August are generally the driest months.
A significant proportion of the community, which is estimated at between 40-50%, still live in extreme poverty with an estimated annual per capita income of $250. Ruhiira and the neighboring area is a recent settlement, created after clearing a sub-tropical forest reserve in the early 1950s. Since then, extensive transformation of the landscape has occurred due to migration from other areas and natural population increase. Clearing of forest to open land for cropping is estimated to have left about 5% of the land under tree cover.
As a result there is a serious shortage of wood products (firewood, poles and timber). Women and children spend many hours searching for firewood mainly from tree stumps. Most times they end up using sorghum and maize stalk, and banana rhizomes as cooking fuel. In addition, high population density and continued growth rates have contributed to land shortages and degradation; alongside the hilly topography, this has posed major challenges to development.
MILLENNIUM VILLAGE HIGHLIGHTS
AGRICULTURE: Increase crop yields and decrease hunger
Bumper crops from the last harvest have enabled the cluster to make major strides in food security. Of the 3,569 tons of maize and 149 tons of beans produced by the cluster farmers between September 2006 and February 2007, 250 tons of maize have been contributed to the school feeding program and 151 tons of maize are being stored in the community's maize storage bank. Crop production from the shorter March-June 2007 harvest is still being calculated.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Strong community participation and local development remain the backbone of the Uganda cluster's success. In 2006, the project supported the communities to develop implementation work plans for agriculture, education, health, home improvement, and village banking.
In May 2007, these local plans, which have been widely received and acclaimed by the local government, were integrated into the broader local government strategy and will feed into district-level development plans—a real success for translating the lessons learned in Millennium Villages into broader district and national development policies in Uganda.
BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT
To increase income generation and connect cluster farmers to markets, the project has initiated activities in local agri-business development. The project supported the creation of 15 banana cooperative groups; these groups are then linked to banana buyers and sales are recorded to track progress and growth.
Additionally, 78 entrepreneurs have been trained in business management skills and at least 20 trainees have begun implementing plans to develop their micro-enterprises. A village bank in the Ruhiira research village is in the initial stages of development. 109 households have already contributed $700 to the bank's establishment, a remarkable achievement for an extremely impoverished community.
As a result of the project's effort to attract local and regional buyers to the cluster, farmers have been highly successful obtaining higher prices for their maize. At least 250 tons of maize were sold at $0.15/kg to regional and non-local buyers, a 66% increase over local prices for maize. About 80% of the maize sold by the cluster's farmers was bought by neighboring Rwandans. With the introduction of maize grinding machines in the cluster, farmers are expected to become more competitive and continue to increase their profits.
VILLAGE CHARACTERISTICS
AGRICULTURE
Food production in Ruhiira has been declining over the years. This is largely a result of mounting population pressure causing land shortage and a decline in soil productivity. Villagers cultivate their small plots without external soil nutrients. This coupled with soil erosion from unprotected hill slopes has led to decline in soil fertility.
Malnutrition especially among women and children is highly prevalent, further constraining agriculture productivity through reduced labor. About 30-40% of children below five years are underweight. The high levels of malnutrition are a result of decline in per capita food consumption and overdependence on banana as the main food source with little nutritional diversification.
EDUCATION
Despite the flagship government policy on universal primary education, a large number of children don't go to school while a significant proportion of those that do go, never complete their primary education. Inadequate and poor school facilities, long travel distances, user fees in some cases, early marriages, and household work are some of the factors responsible for poor attendance in primary schools.
HEALTH
Health-related problems are enormous in Ruhiira. The area is well known for having the highest tuberculosis prevalence in southwestern Uganda. HIV/AIDs prevalence is estimated at between eight to 10%. Malaria is endemic with preliminary results from the recent blood sampling showing 30% malaria prevalence. Most pregnant mothers deliver at home sometimes with the help of traditional birth attendants; only five percent deliver in health units.
The referral hospital is located in Mbarara town 40 km from Ruhiira. Accessibility is limited due to hilly terrain and poor roads. Lack of medical personnel, adequate supply of basic drugs and medical supplies have made villagers shun health facilities and instead turn to unskilled health service providers for their health needs.
INFRASTRUCTURE
Despite the two rainy seasons, access to clean water remains a challenge. Most of the hills have been stripped bare of trees causing increased runoff and soil erosion. Most underground water sources like springs and boreholes are contaminated with minerals like iron and salts to such high levels that are not suitable for human consumption.
Only one protected spring located about 3 km outside Ruhiira village has safe water. At this spring, people start lining up as early as 5 am to get a chance at drawing water. The long morning queues have contributed to absenteeism and tardiness in schools. The only good quality water comes from harvesting roof rainwater using movable containers, tarpaulin tanks, and concrete tanks depending on the income levels the household.
